Handler、Looper與MessageQueue源碼分析
在Android中可以通過Handler來更新主線程中UI的變化,更新UI只能在主線程中進行更新,而為了讓其他線程也能控制UI的變化,Android提供了一種機制Handler、Looper與MessageQueue一同協(xié)作來達到其他線程更新UI的目的。
一般我們會在主線程中通過如下方法定義一個Handler
- private Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
- @Override
- public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
- tv.setText("mHandler change UI");
- super.handleMessage(msg);
- }
- };
一般都見不到Looper與MessageQueue的,那么它們都是在哪里調用與如何協(xié)作的呢?在主線程不會顯式的調用Looper而是會在ActivityThread.main方法中默認調用。
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ActivityThreadMain");
- SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
- // CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy. We
- // disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
- // StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
- CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);
- Environment.initForCurrentUser();
- // Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
- EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());
- // Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates
- final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
- TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);
- Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
- Looper.prepareMainLooper();//創(chuàng)建Looper
- ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
- thread.attach(false);
- if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
- sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
- }
- if (false) {
- Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
- LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
- }
- // End of event ActivityThreadMain.
- Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
- Looper.loop();//開啟Looper循環(huán)
- throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
- }
如上代碼,調用了Looper.prepareMainLooper()方法,在主線程中創(chuàng)建了一個Looper,不信的話我們再查看該方法做了什么
Looper
prepare
- public static void prepare() {
- prepare(true);
- }
- private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
- if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
- throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
- }
- sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));//創(chuàng)建Looper并賦給sThreadLocal
- }
- /**
- * Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an
- * application's main looper. The main looper for your application
- * is created by the Android environment, so you should never need
- * to call this function yourself. See also: {@link #prepare()}
- */
- public static void prepareMainLooper() {
- prepare(false);
- synchronized (Looper.class) {
- if (sMainLooper != null) {
- throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
- }
- sMainLooper = myLooper();
- }
- }
- public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
- return sThreadLocal.get();
- }
在prepareMainLooper方法中調用了prepare而通過prepare會發(fā)現(xiàn)它其實就是創(chuàng)建了一個Looper,并把它賦給了sThreadLocal。同時可以通過myLooper方法獲取當前線程中的Looper。再來看下new Looper(quitAllowed)初始化了什么
- private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
- mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
- mThread = Thread.currentThread();
- }
在這里我們終于看到了MessageQueue了,它創(chuàng)建了一個MessageQueue。該消息隊列就是用來保存后續(xù)的Message。再回到ActivityThread.main方法中,發(fā)現(xiàn)它調用了Looper.loop()是用來開啟Looper循環(huán)的,監(jiān)聽消息隊列MessageQueue中的消息。
loop
我們來看下Looper.loop()的源碼:
- public static void loop() {
- final Looper me = myLooper();//獲取Looper
- if (me == null) {
- throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
- }
- final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;//獲取消息隊列
- // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
- // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
- Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
- final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
- for (;;) {
- Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
- if (msg == null) {
- // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
- return;
- }
- // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
- final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
- if (logging != null) {
- logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
- msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
- }
- final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
- if (traceTag != 0) {
- Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
- }
- try {
- msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);//通過Handler分發(fā)消息
- } finally {
- if (traceTag != 0) {
- Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
- }
- }
- if (logging != null) {
- logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
- }
- // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
- // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
- final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
- if (ident != newIdent) {
- Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
- + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
- + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
- + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
- + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
- }
- msg.recycleUnchecked();
- }
- }
在loop中首先獲取了當前所在線程的Looper,同時也獲取到了Looper中的MessageQueue,說明Looper已經(jīng)與當前的線程進行了綁定。在后面開啟了一個for的死循環(huán),發(fā)現(xiàn)它做的事件是不斷的從消息隊列中取出消息,***都交給msg.target調用它的dispatchMessage方法,那么target又是什么呢?我們進入Message
Message
- /*package*/ int flags;
- /*package*/ long when;
- /*package*/ Bundle data;
- /*package*/ Handler target;
- /*package*/ Runnable callback;
- // sometimes we store linked lists of these things
- /*package*/ Message next;
發(fā)現(xiàn)它就是我們熟悉的Handler,說明***調用的就是Handler中的dispatchMessage方法,對消息的分發(fā)處理。這樣一來Handler就通過Looper聯(lián)系上了Looper所綁定的線程,即為主線程。
Handler
- public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
- if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
- final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
- if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
- (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
- Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
- klass.getCanonicalName());
- }
- }
- mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
- if (mLooper == null) {
- throw new RuntimeException(
- "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
- }
- mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
- mCallback = callback;
- mAsynchronous = async;
- }
通過Handler的初始化,它獲取了它所處線程的Looper,同時也獲取了Looper中的消息隊列。當然如果所處線程的Looper為空的話就會拋出異常,這就解釋了為什么在非主線程中創(chuàng)建Handler要分別調用Looper.prepare與Looper.loop而主線程則不需要,因為它默認已經(jīng)調用了。
dispatchMessage
- public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
- if (msg.callback != null) {
- handleCallback(msg);
- } else {
- if (mCallback != null) {
- if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
- return;
- }
- }
- handleMessage(msg);
- }
- }
- private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
- message.callback.run();
- }
回到前面,對于dispatchMessage的處理,首先判斷msg.callback是否為空,這里callback通過上面的Message應該能知道他就是一個Runnable,如果不為空則直接調用Runnable的run方法。否則調用Handler的handleMessage方法.而這個方法相信大家已經(jīng)很熟悉了,對事件的處理都是在這個方法中執(zhí)行的。因為通過前面我們已經(jīng)知道了Handler已經(jīng)聯(lián)系上了主線程,所以handleMessage中的處理自然相對于在主線程中進行,自然也能更新UI了。通過這里我們能把Looper比作是一個橋梁,來連接Looper所在的線程與Handler之間的通信,同時管理消息隊列MessageQueue中的消息。那么前面的Runnable又是如何不為空的呢?我們使用Handler有兩種方法,一種是直接創(chuàng)建一個Handler并且重寫它的handleMessage方法,而另一種可以通過Handler.post(Runnable)來使用,這樣事件的處理自然就在run方法中實現(xiàn)。
上面介紹了Handler是如何聯(lián)系上了需要操作的線程與對消息是如何取出與處理的。下面來談談消息是如何放入到Looper中的MessageQueue中的。
sendMessageAtTime
通過Handler發(fā)送消息的方式很多,例如:sendMessage、sendEmptyMessage與sendMessageDelayed等,其實到***他們調用的都是sendMessageAtTime方法。所以還是來看下sendMessageAtTime方法中的實現(xiàn)。
- public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
- MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
- if (queue == null) {
- RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
- this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
- Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
- return false;
- }
- return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
- }
而sendMessageAtTime則就是調用了enqueueMessage操作,看這方法名就知道是入隊列操作了。
enqueueMessage
- private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
- msg.target = this;
- if (mAsynchronous) {
- msg.setAsynchronous(true);
- }
- return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
- }
果不其然直接調用了MessageQueue中的queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis)將消息加入消息隊列,同時這段代碼msg.target = this 將當前的Handler賦給了msg.target,這就是前面所說的Looper.loop方法中調用的Handler。這樣就把消息放到了MessageQueue中,進而通過前面所講的loop來取出消息進行相應的處理,這樣就構成了整個對消息進行處理的系統(tǒng)。這也是使用Handler內(nèi)部所發(fā)生的原理。好了Handler、Looper與MessageQueue它們之間的聯(lián)系基本就是這些了。我也簡單畫了張圖希望有所幫助
總結
來總結下它們之間的流程。首先創(chuàng)建Handler而在Handler所處的線程中必須要有一個Looper,如果在主線程中默認幫我們實現(xiàn)了,其他線程必須調用Looper.prepare來創(chuàng)建Looper同時調用Looper.loop開啟對消息的處理。每個Looper中都有一個MessageQueue它是用來存儲Message的,Handler通過post或者send..等一系列操作通過Looper將消息放入到消息隊列中,而Looper通過開啟一個***的循環(huán)來一直監(jiān)聽著消息的處理,不斷從MessageQueue中取出消息,并交給與當前Looper所綁定的handler的dispatchMessage進行分發(fā),***根據(jù)情況調用Runnable的run或者Handler的HandlerMessage方法對消息進行***的處理。