Vagrant 對(duì)于虛擬機(jī)來說是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的工具，在這里我們將研究如何在 Ubuntu 上設(shè)置和使用 Virtualbox 和 Vagrant 來提供可復(fù)制的虛擬機(jī)。

虛擬機(jī)，并不復(fù)雜

多年來，開發(fā)人員一直使用虛擬機(jī)作為其工作流程的一部分，允許他們交換和更改運(yùn)行軟件的環(huán)境，這通常是為了防止項(xiàng)目之間的沖突，例如需要 php 5.3 的項(xiàng)目 A 和需要 php 5.4 的項(xiàng)目 B。

并且使用虛擬機(jī)意味著你只需要你正在使用的計(jì)算機(jī)就行，而不需要專用硬件來鏡像你的生產(chǎn)環(huán)境。

當(dāng)多個(gè)開發(fā)人員在一個(gè)項(xiàng)目上工作時(shí)，它也很方便，他們都可以運(yùn)行一個(gè)包含所有需求的環(huán)境，但是維護(hù)多臺(tái)機(jī)器并確保所有的需求都具有相同的版本是非常困難的，這時(shí) Vagrant 就能派上用場(chǎng)了。

使用虛擬機(jī)的好處

• 你的虛擬機(jī)與主機(jī)環(huán)境是分開的
• 你可以根據(jù)你代碼的要求裁剪一個(gè)定制虛擬機(jī)
• 不會(huì)影響其他虛擬機(jī)
• 可以運(yùn)行在你的主機(jī)上無法運(yùn)行的程序，例如在 Ubuntu 中運(yùn)行一些只能在 Windows 運(yùn)行的軟件

什么是 Vagrant

簡(jiǎn)而言之，這是一個(gè)與虛擬機(jī)一起工作的工具，可以讓你自動(dòng)創(chuàng)建和刪除虛擬機(jī)。

它圍繞一個(gè)名為 VagrantFile 的配置文件而工作，這個(gè)配置文件告訴 Vagrant 你想要安裝的操作系統(tǒng)，以及一些其他選項(xiàng)，如 IP 和目錄同步。 你還可以在虛擬機(jī)上添加一個(gè)命令的配置腳本。

通過共享這個(gè) VagrantFile，項(xiàng)目的所有開發(fā)人員全可以使用完全相同的虛擬機(jī)。

安裝要求

安裝 VirtualBox

VirtualBox 是運(yùn)行虛擬機(jī)的程序，它可以從 Ubuntu 倉庫中安裝。

sudo apt-get install virtualbox

安裝 Vagrant

對(duì)于 Vagrant 本身，你要前往 https://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.html 查看適用于你的操作系統(tǒng)的安裝軟件包。

安裝增強(qiáng)功能

如果你打算與虛擬機(jī)共享任何文件夾，則需要安裝以下插件。

vagrant plugin install vagrant-vbguest

配置 Vagrant

首先我們需要為 Vagrant 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)文件夾。

mkdir ~/Vagrant/test-vm
cd ~/Vagrant/test-vm

創(chuàng)建 VagrantFile：

vagrant init

開啟虛擬機(jī)：

vagrant up

登錄機(jī)器：

vagrant-ssh

此時(shí)，你將擁有一個(gè)基本的 vagrant 機(jī)器，以及一個(gè)名為 VagrantFile 的文件。

定制

在上面的步驟中創(chuàng)建的 VagrantFile 看起來類似于以下內(nèi)容

VagrantFile：

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :
# All Vagrant configuration is done below. The "2" in Vagrant.configure
# configures the configuration version (we support older styles for
# backwards compatibility). Please don't change it unless you know what
# you're doing.
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
    # The most common configuration options are documented and commented below.
    # For a complete reference, please see the online documentation at
    # https://docs.vagrantup.com.
 
    # Every Vagrant development environment requires a box. You can search for
    # boxes at https://vagrantcloud.com/search.
    config.vm.box = "base"
 
    # Disable automatic box update checking. If you disable this, then
    # boxes will only be checked for updates when the user runs
    # `vagrant box outdated`. This is not recommended.
    # config.vm.box_check_update = false
 
    # Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
    # within the machine from a port on the host machine. In the example below,
    # accessing "localhost:8080" will access port 80 on the guest machine.
    # NOTE: This will enable public access to the opened port
    # config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080
 
    # Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
    # within the machine from a port on the host machine and only allow access
    # via 127.0.0.1 to disable public access
    # config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080, host_ip: "127.0.0.1"
 
    # Create a private network, which allows host-only access to the machine
    # using a specific IP.
    # config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"
 
    # Create a public network, which generally matched to bridged network.
    # Bridged networks make the machine appear as another physical device on
    # your network.
    # config.vm.network "public_network"
 
    # Share an additional folder to the guest VM. The first argument is
    # the path on the host to the actual folder. The second argument is
    # the path on the guest to mount the folder. And the optional third
    # argument is a set of non-required options.
    # config.vm.synced_folder "../data", "/vagrant_data"
 
    # Provider-specific configuration so you can fine-tune various
    # backing providers for Vagrant. These expose provider-specific options.
    # Example for VirtualBox:
    #
    # config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
    #   # Display the VirtualBox GUI when booting the machine
    #   vb.gui = true
    #
    #   # Customize the amount of memory on the VM:
    #   vb.memory = "1024"
    # end
    #
    # View the documentation for the provider you are using for more
    # information on available options.
 
    # Enable provisioning with a shell script. Additional provisioners such as
    # Puppet, Chef, Ansible, Salt, and Docker are also available. Please see the
    # documentation for more information about their specific syntax and use.
    # config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL
    #   apt-get update
    #   apt-get install -y apache2
    # SHELL
end

現(xiàn)在這個(gè) VagrantFile 將創(chuàng)建基本的虛擬機(jī)。但 Vagrant 背后的理念是讓虛擬機(jī)為我們的特定任務(wù)而配置，所以我們刪除注釋和調(diào)整配置。

VagrantFile：

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :
 
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  # Set the Linux Version to Debian Jessie
  config.vm.box = "debian/jessie64"
  # Set the IP of the Box
  config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"
  # Sync Our Projects Directory with the WWW directory 
  config.vm.synced_folder "~/Projects", "/var/www/"
  # Run the following to Provision
  config.vm.provision "shell", path: "install.sh"
end

現(xiàn)在我們有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的 VagrantFile，它將 Linux 版本設(shè)置為 debian jessie，設(shè)置一個(gè) IP 給我們使用，同步我們感興趣的文件夾，并最后運(yùn)行 install.sh，這是我們可以運(yùn)行 shell 命令的地方。

install.sh：

#! /usr/bin/env bash
# Variables
DBHOST=localhost
DBNAME=dbname
DBUSER=dbuser
DBPASSWD=test123
 
echo "[ Provisioning machine ]"
echo "1) Update APT..."
apt-get -qq update
 
echo "1) Install Utilities..."
apt-get install -y tidy pdftk curl xpdf imagemagick openssl vim git
 
echo "2) Installing Apache..."
apt-get install -y apache2
 
echo "3) Installing PHP and packages..."
apt-get install -y php5 libapache2-mod-php5 libssh2-php php-pear php5-cli php5-common php5-curl php5-dev php5-gd php5-imagick php5-imap php5-intl php5-mcrypt php5-memcached php5-mysql php5-pspell php5-xdebug php5-xmlrpc
#php5-suhosin-extension, php5-mysqlnd
 
echo "4) Installing MySQL..."
debconf-set-selections <<< "mysql-server mysql-server/root_password password secret"
debconf-set-selections <<< "mysql-server mysql-server/root_password_again password secret"
apt-get install -y mysql-server
mysql -uroot -p$DBPASSWD -e "CREATE DATABASE $DBNAME"
mysql -uroot -p$DBPASSWD -e "grant all privileges on $DBNAME.* to '$DBUSER'@'localhost' identified by '$DBPASSWD'"
 
echo "5) Generating self signed certificate..."
mkdir -p /etc/ssl/localcerts
openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -nodes -subj "/C=US/ST=Denial/L=Springfield/O=Dis/CN=www.example.com" -out /etc/ssl/localcerts/apache.pem -keyout /etc/ssl/localcerts/apache.key
chmod 600 /etc/ssl/localcerts/apache*
 
echo "6) Setup Apache..."
a2enmod rewrite
> /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf
echo "
<VirtualHost *:80>
        ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
        DocumentRoot /var/www/
        ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
        CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>
 
" >> /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf
service apache2 restart 
 
echo "7) Composer Install..."
curl --silent https://getcomposer.org/installer | php 
mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer
 
echo "8) Install NodeJS..."
curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_6.x | sudo -E bash - 
apt-get -qq update
apt-get -y install nodejs 
 
echo "9) Install NPM Packages..."
npm install -g gulp gulp-cli
 
echo "Provisioning Completed"

通過上面的步驟，在你的目錄中會(huì)有 VagrantFile 和 install.sh，運(yùn)行 vagrant 會(huì)做下面的事情：

• 采用 Debian Jessie 來創(chuàng)建虛擬機(jī)
• 將機(jī)器的 IP 設(shè)置為 192.168.33.10
• 同步 ~/Projects 和 /var/www/ 目錄
• 安裝并設(shè)置 Apache、Mysql、PHP、Git、Vim
• 安裝并運(yùn)行 Composer
• 安裝 Nodejs 和 gulp
• 創(chuàng)建一個(gè) MySQL 數(shù)據(jù)庫
• 創(chuàng)建自簽名證書

通過與其他人共享 VagrantFile 和 install.sh，你可以在兩臺(tái)不同的機(jī)器上使用完全相同的環(huán)境。