在Windows系統和Linux系統中,如何打造一個好終端?
本文轉載自公眾號“讀芯術”(ID:AI_Discovery)。
在十多年的開發生涯中,筆者熱衷于使用shell。命令永遠不變,筆者可以創建可靠、快捷的自定義快捷方式,但默認值欠佳。閱讀本文將帶你了解如何在系統上獲得很棒的shell +終端。
術語

shell用于執行命令。終端(terminal)是運行shell的包裝器。在終端上可以設置字體、字體大小、配色方案以及支持多個選項卡。終端仿真器的示例包括GNOME終端、KDE的Konsole,Terminator和XTerm。對于Linux系統,筆者建議保留默認值。Windows適用Windows Terminal;Mac適用iTerm2。
圖源:MartinThoma)
(Linux上的四個終端仿真器(Gnome Terminal、Konsole、XTerm、Terminator)。XTerm不直接支持標簽。其他的打開了2個選項卡。它們都運行Bash shell。
系統的Shell包括ZSH、Bash、fish。Windows系統典型的shell是PowerShell。可以通過執行echo $ 0來查看正在運行的shell。Linux系統使用更多的是Bash shell。

圖源:Martin Thoma
(在Gnome終端中的三個Linux shell(ZSH、Bash、fish),ZSH shell經過了大量更改;Bash shell和fish shell顯示默認值。可見,fish shell具有其他兩個shell缺少的內聯自動提示功能。)
每個shell都有提示符(prompt)。提示符是光標之前寫入的內容。它表示可以輸入指令并提供有用的背景信息。在上面的示例中,提示符包含用戶名moose,當前計算機pc08 ,當前工作目錄 ~/GitHub/MartinThoma/flake8-simplify,活躍git分支feature/19以及進行了±修改的事實。
字體
無論選擇哪個,字體都很重要。你可能想要一個等寬字體,相信我一定要安裝powerline字體。powerline字體能使shell使用像圖像的字符。它可以使提示符效果更好。筆者比較喜歡UbuntuMono和DroidSans Mono:

上面一行是Ubuntu Mono,下面是Droid Sans Mono。二者都不錯,Ubuntu Mono略勝一籌。| 圖源:Martin Thoma
也有Fira Code、Jetbrains Mono 這樣的“編程字體”。筆者不喜歡它們,因為很難識別所寫內容。
Windows終端
首先確保已安裝Windows終端。啟動終端并找到設置。它是這個指下的“小箭頭”:
點擊“Settings”。| 圖源:MartinThoma
可以選擇JSON文件隨自己喜好而更改。如下:
- // This file was initially generated byWindows Terminal 1.2.2381.0
- // It should still be usable in newerversions, but newer versions might have additional
- // settings, help text, or changes thatyou will not see unless you clear this file
- // and let us generate a new one foryou.
- // To view thedefault settings, hold "alt" while clicking onthe "Settings" button.
- // For documentation on thesesettings, see: https://aka.ms/terminal-documentation
- {
- "$schema": "https://aka.ms/terminal-profiles-schema",
- "defaultProfile": "{2c4de342-38b7-51cf-b940-2309a097f518}",
- "initialCols": 120,
- "initialRows": 30,
- //Youcanaddmoreglobalapplicationsettingshere.
- //Tolearnmoreaboutglobalsettings,visithttps://aka.ms/terminal-global-settings
- //Ifenabled, selectionsareautomaticallycopiedtoyourclipboard.
- "copyOnSelect": false,
- //Ifenabled,formatteddataisalsocopiedtoyourclipboard
- "copyFormatting": false,
- //Aprofilespecifiesacommandtoexecutepairedwithinformationabouthowitshouldlookandfeel.
- //Eachoneofthemwillappearinthe NewTab dropdown,
- // andcanbeinvokedfromthecommandlinewith`wt.exe-pxxx`
- //Tolearnmoreaboutprofiles,visithttps://aka.ms/terminal-profile-settings
- "profiles":
- {
- "defaults":
- {
- //Putsettingsherethatyouwanttoapplytoallprofiles.
- },
- "list":
- [
- {
- //Makechangesheretothepowershell.exeprofile.
- "guid": "{61c54bbd-c2c6-5271-96e7-009a87ff44bf}",
- "name": "WindowsPowerShell",
- "commandline": "powershell.exe",
- "hidden": false,
- "fontFace": "DejaVuSans Mono for Powerline"
- },
- {
- //Makechangesheretothecmd.exeprofile.
- "guid": "{0caa0dad-35be-5f56-a8ff-afceeeaa6101}",
- "name": "CommandPrompt",
- "commandline": "cmd.exe",
- "hidden": false
- },
- {
- "guid": "{2c4de342-38b7-51cf-b940-2309a097f518}",
- "hidden": false,
- "name": "Ubuntu",
- "source": "Windows.Terminal.Wsl",
- "fontFace": "DejaVuSans Mono for Powerline",
- "colorScheme": "Solarized Dark",
- },
- {
- "guid": "{b453ae62-4e3d-5e58-b989-0a998ec441b8}",
- "hidden": false,
- "name": "AzureCloud Shell",
- "source": "Windows.Terminal.Azure"
- }
- ]
- },
- //Addcustomcolorschemestothisarray.
- //Tolearnmoreaboutcolorschemes,visithttps://aka.ms/terminal-color-schemes
- "schemes": [
- {
- "background": "#073642",
- "black": "#073642",
- "blue": "#268BD2",
- "brightBlack": "#002B36",
- "brightBlue": "#839496",
- "brightCyan": "#93A1A1",
- "brightGreen": "#586E75",
- "brightPurple": "#6C71C4",
- "brightRed": "#CB4B16",
- "brightWhite": "#FDF6E3",
- "brightYellow": "#657B83",
- "cyan": "#2AA198",
- "foreground": "#FDF6E3",
- "green": "#859900",
- "name": "Solarized Dark",
- "purple": "#D33682",
- "red": "#D30102",
- "white": "#EEE8D5",
- "yellow": "#B58900"
- },
- {
- "background": "#FDF6E3",
- "black": "#073642",
- "blue": "#268BD2",
- "brightBlack": "#002B36",
- "brightBlue": "#839496",
- "brightCyan": "#93A1A1",
- "brightGreen": "#586E75",
- "brightPurple": "#6C71C4",
- "brightRed": "#CB4B16",
- "brightWhite": "#FDF6E3",
- "brightYellow": "#657B83",
- "cyan": "#2AA198",
- "foreground": "#073642",
- "green": "#859900",
- "name": "Solarized Light",
- "purple": "#D33682",
- "red": "#D30102",
- "white": "#EEE8D5",
- "yellow": "#B58900"
- },
- ],
- //Addcustomkeybindingstothisarray.
- //Tounbindakeycombinationfromyourdefaults.json,setthecommandto"unbound".
- //Tolearnmoreaboutkeybindings,visithttps://aka.ms/terminal-keybindings
- "keybindings":
- [
- //CopyandpasteareboundtoCtrl+Shift+CandCtrl+Shift+Vinyourdefaults.json.
- //ThesetwolinesadditionallybindthemtoCtrl+CandCtrl+V.
- //Tolearnmoreaboutselection, visithttps://aka.ms/terminal-selection
- { "command": {"action": "copy", "singleLine": false }, "keys": "ctrl+c" },
- { "command": "paste", "keys": "ctrl+v" },
- //PressCtrl+Shift+Ftoopenthesearchbox
- { "command": "find", "keys": "ctrl+shift+f" },
- //PressAlt+Shift+Dtoopenanewpane.
- //-"split":"auto"makesthispaneopeninthedirectionthatprovidesthemostsurfacearea.
- //-"splitMode":"duplicate"makesthenewpaneusethefocusedpane sprofile.
- //Tolearnmoreaboutpanes, visithttps://aka.ms/terminal-panes
- { "command": { "action": "splitPane", "split": "auto", "splitMode": "duplicate" },
- "keys": "alt+shift+d" },
- {"command": "closeTab", "keys": "ctrl+w"},
- {"command": "newTab", "keys": "ctrl+t"}
- ]
- }
下載并安裝所有4種“ DejaVu Sans Mono Powerline”字體。在已知的所有系統上,字體安裝都是一個流程:雙擊字體,然后跳出一個有“安裝”按鈕的窗口。
Linux和Windows終端:Aminal
Aminal是用Go語言編寫的終端仿真器。可用于Linux、Windows和Mac。它允許通過配置文件完成顏色、鍵盤快捷鍵等配置。首先需要在系統中安裝并配置Go語言。Ubuntu的示例如下:
- $ sudo apt-get install golang libgl1-mesa-dev xorg-dev
- $ export GOPATH="$HOME/go"
- $ export GOBIN=$(go env GOPATH)/bin
接著就可以安裝并運行aminal了:
- $ go get -u github.com/liamg/aminal
- $ aminal
Linux系統:Gnome終端
可以通過編輯文件來自定義Gnome終端。這里筆者用12號字設置了Ubuntu Mono衍生的powerline常規字體。
圖源:Martin Thoma
命令是為了zsh而設置,因為這是筆者最喜歡的shell。
圖源:Martin Thoma
顏色設置為solarized dark(從左到右、從上到下)
- 背景: #2e3436 / #555753
- 深紅: #cc0000 / 淺紅: ef2929
- 深綠: #4e9a06 / 淺綠: #8ae234
- 深黃: #c4a000 / 淺黃: #fce94f
- 深藍: #3465a4 / 淺藍: #729fcf
- 深紫: #75507b / 淺紫: #ad7fa8
- 深藍綠: #06989a / 淺藍綠: #34e2e2
- 深灰: #d3d7cf /淺灰: #eeeeec
Linux系統:fish shell
安裝fish shell:
- sudo apt-get install fish
更改終端仿真器的默認shell為fish。在Gnome終端叫做“自定義命令”
接著安裝“Oh My Fish”:
- curl -L https://get.oh-my.fish | fish
然后將主題設置為agnoster:
- omf install agnoster
- omf theme agnoster
別名
要使終端表現出色,核心部分的命令就要簡短。因此為命令創建一個別名,即簡短版的原命令。最常見是將目錄更改為上一級。假如是在 /home/user/foo/bar中,則要轉到 /home/user/foo。大多數shell都必須輸入cd .. 。我喜歡將其縮寫為 ..。所以別名就是alias ..='cd ..' 。
語法可能不同,具體取決于shell。對于Bash、ZSH和fish:
- alias short= long
在bash中要插入到 ~/.bashrc,ZSH中則是 ~/.zshrc,fish中也不相同。一些別名如下:
- # Shorten things
- alias ..= cd ..
- alias ...= cd ../../
- alias ll= ls -alF
- alias la= ls -A
- alias l= ls -CF
- alias c= clear # If your terminal supports colors, use them!
- alias lsls= ls --color=auto
- alias grepgrep= grep --color=auto
- alias fgrepfgrep= fgrep --color=auto
- alias egrepegrep= egrep --color=auto
- alias diff= colordiff # Works only if you have notify-send
- alias alert= notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echoterminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e s/^s*[0-9]+s*//;s/[;&|]s*alert$// )"
總結一下:
- 使用不錯的終端仿真器。建議Linux系統使用Gnome終端,Mac系統使用iTerm 2,Windows系統使用Windows終端。
- 安裝比較好的powerline字體,比如Ubuntu Mono Powerline。
- 在終端仿真器中按照喜好調整字體、字號以及顏色。
- 安裝一個好的shell。建議Linux系統使用fish shell,Windows系統使用PowerShell。
- 按需調整shell的提示符。筆者個人喜歡agnoster主題。