你知道Shell腳本中$0 $1 $# $@ $* $? $$ 都是什么意思嗎?
一、概述
shell中有兩類字符:普通字符、元字符。
1. 普通字符
在Shell中除了本身的字面意思外沒有其他特殊意義,即普通純文本;
2. 元字符
是Shell的保留字符,在Shell中有著特殊的含義。
今天主要介紹一下shell中字符$的各種用法。
二、轉義字符$
在linux shell腳本中經常用到字符$,下面是$的一些常見用法
名稱 | 含義 |
---|---|
$# | 傳給腳本的參數個數 |
$0 | 腳本本身的名字 |
$1 | 傳遞給該shell腳本的第一個參數 |
$2 | 傳遞給該shell腳本的第二個參數 |
$@ | 傳給腳本的所有參數的列表 |
$* | 以一個單字符串顯示所有向腳本傳遞的參數,與位置變量不同,參數可超過9個 |
$$ | 腳本運行的當前進程ID號 |
$? | 顯示最后命令的退出狀態(tài),0表示沒有錯誤,其他表示有錯誤 |
實例1
建立腳本peng.sh如下:
- #/bin/bash
- total=$[ $1 * $2 + $3 ]
- echo "$1 * $2 + $3 = $total"
運行如下:
- ./peng.sh 4 5 6
結果如下:
實例2
當把字符串輸入給shell腳本的時候,注意是以空格作為分隔符,如果字符串本身就有空格的話,那么用雙引號或者單引號,比如
- #/bin/bash
- echo "$1 is pretty nice!"
運行如下:
- ./peng.sh 一口Linux
結果如下:
實例3
- #!/bin/sh
- echo "參數個數:$#"
- echo "腳本名字:$0"
- echo "參數1:$1"
- echo "參數2:$2"
- echo "所有參數列表:$@"
- echo "pid:$$"
- if [ $1 = 100 ]
- then
- echo "命令退出狀態(tài):$?"
- exit 0 #參數正確,退出狀態(tài)為0
- else
- echo "命令退出狀態(tài):$?"
- exit 1 #參數錯誤,退出狀態(tài)1
- fi
執(zhí)行結果:
實例4
使用for循環(huán)進行參數遍歷
示例:
- #!/bin/bash
- number=65 #定義一個退出值
- index=1 #定義一個計數器
- if [ -z "$1" ];then #對用戶輸入的參數做判斷,如果未輸入參數則返回腳本的用法并退出,退出值65
- echo "Usage:$0 + 參數"
- exit $number
- fi
- echo "listing args with \$*:" #在屏幕輸入,在$*中遍歷參數
- for arg in $*
- do
- echo "arg: $index = $arg"
- let index+=1
- done
- echo
- index=1 #將計數器重新設置為1
- echo "listing args with \"\$@\":" #在"$@"中遍歷參數
- for arg in "$@"
- do
- echo "arg: $index = $arg"
- let index+=1
- done
實例5
示例:
- #!/bin/bash
- number=11
- if [ $# -eq 0 ];then
- echo "Usage: $0 + 參數"
- exit $number
- fi
- for i in $* #在$*中遍歷參數,此時每個參數都是獨立的,會遍歷$#次
- do
- echo $i
- done
- echo
- for i in "$*" #在"$*"中遍歷參數,此時"$*"被擴展為包含所有位置參數的單個字符串,只遍歷一次
- do
- echo $i
- done
三、linux命令執(zhí)行返回值**$?**說明
在 Linux 下,不管你是啟動一個桌面程序也好,還是在控制臺下運行命令,所有的程序在結束時,都會返回一個數字值,這個值叫做返回值,或者稱為錯誤號 ( Error Number )。
1. 在控制臺下,有一個特殊的環(huán)境變量 $?,保存著前一個程序的返回值,我們可以試試:
先隨便執(zhí)行個命令,比如像上面的 ls 某些文件,然后通過 echo?,打印? 的值~
我們發(fā)現返回值是 0,這是什么意思呢?只要返回值是 0,就代表程序執(zhí)行成功了~ 也就是說,如果 $? 變量的值不是 0 的話,就表示上一個命令在執(zhí)行的過程中出錯了。
2. 我們可以試著 ls 一個不存在的文件:
這樣,對于某些打印出一堆不熟悉的英文信息的命令,可以方便的看出它是否成功執(zhí)行結束。不過,每次都 echo?一下太累了,沒關系,你可以把? 放在提示符里去:
3. 將上次命令執(zhí)行是否成功的返回值放到提示符里面去:export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}"
- root@ubuntu:/home/peng/zhh# export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}"
- [0]root@ubuntu:/home/peng/zhh# ls
export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}" 這個命令把 $? 的值放在的提示符的最前面,這樣每次執(zhí)行完命令,這個值都會自動更新,這下就一目了然了~
4. 用perror查看錯誤提示
那么如果返回的值不是 0,我們要怎么知道是那里出錯了呢?大多數的程序出錯都會給出提示,如果沒有提示的話,可以用 perror 這個程序來查看錯誤的信息,比如返回值是 2,我們可以運行下面命令:
- $ perror 2
- OS error code 2: No such file or directory
這樣就清楚了,原來是文件不存在~
該命令需要安裝 apt-get install perror
5. 給出錯誤代碼及其具體原因對照表:
- "OS error code 1: Operation not permitted"
- "OS error code 2: No such file or directory"
- "OS error code 3: No such process"
- "OS error code 4: Interrupted system call"
- "OS error code 5: Input/output error"
- "OS error code 6: No such device or address"
- "OS error code 7: Argument list too long"
- "OS error code 8: Exec format error"
- "OS error code 9: Bad file descriptor"
- "OS error code 10: No child processes"
- "OS error code 11: Resource temporarily unavailable"
- "OS error code 12: Cannot allocate memory"
- "OS error code 13: Permission denied"
- "OS error code 14: Bad address"
- "OS error code 15: Block device required"
- "OS error code 16: Device or resource busy"
- "OS error code 17: File exists"
- "OS error code 18: Invalid cross-device link"
- "OS error code 19: No such device"
- "OS error code 20: Not a directory"
- "OS error code 21: Is a directory"
- "OS error code 22: Invalid argument"
- "OS error code 23: Too many open files in system"
- "OS error code 24: Too many open files"
- "OS error code 25: Inappropriate ioctl for device"
- "OS error code 26: Text file busy"
- "OS error code 27: File too large"
- "OS error code 28: No space left on device"
- "OS error code 29: Illegal seek"
- "OS error code 30: Read-only file system"
- "OS error code 31: Too many links"
- "OS error code 32: Broken pipe"
- "OS error code 33: Numerical argument out of domain"
- "OS error code 34: Numerical result out of range"
- "OS error code 35: Resource deadlock avoided"
- "OS error code 36: File name too long"
- "OS error code 37: No locks available"
- "OS error code 38: Function not implemented"
- "OS error code 39: Directory not empty"
- "OS error code 40: Too many levels of symbolic links"
- "OS error code 42: No message of desired type"
- "OS error code 43: Identifier removed"
- "OS error code 44: Channel number out of range"
- "OS error code 45: Level 2 not synchronized"
- "OS error code 46: Level 3 halted"
- "OS error code 47: Level 3 reset"
- "OS error code 48: Link number out of range"
- "OS error code 49: Protocol driver not attached"
- "OS error code 50: No CSI structure available"
- "OS error code 51: Level 2 halted"
- "OS error code 52: Invalid exchange"
- "OS error code 53: Invalid request descriptor"
- "OS error code 54: Exchange full"
- "OS error code 55: No anode"
- "OS error code 56: Invalid request code"
- "OS error code 57: Invalid slot"
- "OS error code 59: Bad font file format"
- "OS error code 60: Device not a stream"
- "OS error code 61: No data available"
- "OS error code 62: Timer expired"
- "OS error code 63: Out of streams resources"
- "OS error code 64: Machine is not on the network"
- "OS error code 65: Package not installed"
- "OS error code 66: Object is remote"
- "OS error code 67: Link has been severed"
- "OS error code 68: Advertise error"
- "OS error code 69: Srmount error"
- "OS error code 70: Communication error on send"
- "OS error code 71: Protocol error"
- "OS error code 72: Multihop attempted"
- "OS error code 73: RFS specific error"
- "OS error code 74: Bad message"
- "OS error code 75: Value too large for defined data type"
- "OS error code 76: Name not unique on network"
- "OS error code 77: File descriptor in bad state"
- "OS error code 78: Remote address changed"
- "OS error code 79: Can not access a needed shared library"
- "OS error code 80: Accessing a corrupted shared library"
- "OS error code 81: .lib section in a.out corrupted"
- "OS error code 82: Attempting to link in too many shared libraries"
- "OS error code 83: Cannot exec a shared library directly"
- "OS error code 84: Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character"
- "OS error code 85: Interrupted system call should be restarted"
- "OS error code 86: Streams pipe error"
- "OS error code 87: Too many users"
- "OS error code 88: Socket operation on non-socket"
- "OS error code 89: Destination address required"
- "OS error code 90: Message too long"
- "OS error code 91: Protocol wrong type for socket"
- "OS error code 92: Protocol not available"
- "OS error code 93: Protocol not supported"
- "OS error code 94: Socket type not supported"
- "OS error code 95: Operation not supported"
- "OS error code 96: Protocol family not supported"
- "OS error code 97: Address family not supported by protocol"
- "OS error code 98: Address already in use"
- "OS error code 99: Cannot assign requested address"
- "OS error code 100: Network is down"
- "OS error code 101: Network is unreachable"
- "OS error code 102: Network dropped connection on reset"
- "OS error code 103: Software caused connection abort"
- "OS error code 104: Connection reset by peer"
- "OS error code 105: No buffer space available"
- "OS error code 106: Transport endpoint is already connected"
- "OS error code 107: Transport endpoint is not connected"
- "OS error code 108: Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown"
- "OS error code 109: Too many references: cannot splice"
- "OS error code 110: Connection timed out"
- "OS error code 111: Connection refused"
- "OS error code 112: Host is down"
- "OS error code 113: No route to host"
- "OS error code 114: Operation already in progress"
- "OS error code 115: Operation now in progress"
- "OS error code 116: Stale NFS file handle"
- "OS error code 117: Structure needs cleaning"
- "OS error code 118: Not a XENIX named type file"
- "OS error code 119: No XENIX semaphores available"
- "OS error code 120: Is a named type file"
- "OS error code 121: Remote I/O error"
- "OS error code 122: Disk quota exceeded"
- "OS error code 123: No medium found"
- "OS error code 124: Wrong medium type"
- "OS error code 125: Operation canceled"
- "OS error code 126: Required key not available"
- "OS error code 127: Key has expired"
- "OS error code 128: Key has been revoked"
- "OS error code 129: Key was rejected by service"
- "OS error code 130: Owner died"
- "OS error code 131: State not recoverable"
- "MySQL error code 132: Old database file"
- "MySQL error code 133: No record read before update"
- "MySQL error code 134: Record was already deleted (or record file crashed)"
- "MySQL error code 135: No more room in record file"
- "MySQL error code 136: No more room in index file"
- "MySQL error code 137: No more records (read after end of file)"
- "MySQL error code 138: Unsupported extension used for table"
- "MySQL error code 139: Too big row"
- "MySQL error code 140: Wrong create options"
- "MySQL error code 141: Duplicate unique key or constraint on write or update"
- "MySQL error code 142: Unknown character set used"
- "MySQL error code 143: Conflicting table definitions in sub-tables of MERGE table"
- "MySQL error code 144: Table is crashed and last repair failed"
- "MySQL error code 145: Table was marked as crashed and should be repaired"
- "MySQL error code 146: Lock timed out; Retry transaction"
- "MySQL error code 147: Lock table is full; Restart program with a larger locktable"
- "MySQL error code 148: Updates are not allowed under a read only transactions"
- "MySQL error code 149: Lock deadlock; Retry transaction"
- "MySQL error code 150: Foreign key constraint is incorrectly formed"
- "MySQL error code 151: Cannot add a child row"
- "MySQL error code 152: Cannot delete a parent row"
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