Spring Boot 3.3.0 新特性| 使用 CDS 優化啟動時間
一、CDS 是什么?
類數據共享 (CDS) 是一項 JVM 功能,可幫助減少 Java 應用程序的啟動時間和內存占用。從 JDK 12 開始,默認的 CDS 歸檔文件與 Oracle JDK 二進制文件一起預打包。筆者測試使用的 OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM Zulu21.34+19-CA (build 21.0.3+9-LTS, mixed mode, sharing)它也是支持 CDS 的。
二、如何使用
2.1 訓練
要使用它,您應該首先以分解形式對應用程序執行訓練運行:
$ java -Djarmode=tools -jar my-app.jar extract --destination application
$ cd application
$ java -XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit=application.jsa -Dspring.context.exit=onRefresh -jar my-app.jar
這將創建一個 application 目錄并生成 application.jsa,只要應用程序未更新,就可以重復使用。
2.2 使用
要使用緩存,您需要在啟動應用程序時添加一個額外的 -XX:SharedArchiveFile 參數:
$ java -XX:SharedArchiveFile=application.jsa -jar my-app.jar
三、效果
為了測試 CDS,筆者使用 Spring Boot initializr 生成了一個 demo 項目。下面是 CDS 訓練后的 application 目錄的結構:
$ tree application
application
|-- application.jsa
|-- demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
`-- lib
|-- jackson-annotations-2.17.1.jar
|-- jackson-core-2.17.1.jar
|-- jackson-databind-2.17.1.jar
|-- jackson-datatype-jdk8-2.17.1.jar
|-- jackson-datatype-jsr310-2.17.1.jar
|-- jackson-module-parameter-names-2.17.1.jar
|-- jakarta.annotation-api-2.1.1.jar
|-- jul-to-slf4j-2.0.13.jar
|-- log4j-api-2.23.1.jar
|-- log4j-to-slf4j-2.23.1.jar
|-- logback-classic-1.5.6.jar
|-- logback-core-1.5.6.jar
|-- micrometer-commons-1.13.0.jar
|-- micrometer-observation-1.13.0.jar
|-- slf4j-api-2.0.13.jar
|-- snakeyaml-2.2.jar
|-- spring-aop-6.1.8.jar
|-- spring-beans-6.1.8.jar
|-- spring-boot-3.3.0.jar
|-- spring-boot-autoconfigure-3.3.0.jar
|-- spring-boot-jarmode-tools-3.3.0.jar
|-- spring-context-6.1.8.jar
|-- spring-core-6.1.8.jar
|-- spring-expression-6.1.8.jar
|-- spring-jcl-6.1.8.jar
|-- spring-web-6.1.8.jar
|-- spring-webmvc-6.1.8.jar
|-- tomcat-embed-core-10.1.24.jar
|-- tomcat-embed-el-10.1.24.jar
`-- tomcat-embed-websocket-10.1.24.jar
1 directory, 32 files
3.1 直接運行 demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
$ java -jar demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
. ____ _ __ _ _
/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) )
' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
=========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
:: Spring Boot :: (v3.3.0)
2024-05-31T08:53:39.964+08:00 INFO 14832 --- [demo] [ main] com.example.demo.DemoApplication : Starting DemoApplication v0.0.1-SNAPSHOT using Java 21.0.3 with PID 14832 (D:\test\demo\target\demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar started by L.cm in D:\test\demo\target)
2024-05-31T08:53:39.967+08:00 INFO 14832 --- [demo] [ main] com.example.demo.DemoApplication : No active profile set, falling back to 1 default profile: "default"
2024-05-31T08:53:40.893+08:00 INFO 14832 --- [demo] [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat initialized with port 8888 (http)
2024-05-31T08:53:40.908+08:00 INFO 14832 --- [demo] [ main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardService : Starting service [Tomcat]
2024-05-31T08:53:40.908+08:00 INFO 14832 --- [demo] [ main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine : Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/10.1.24]
2024-05-31T08:53:40.948+08:00 INFO 14832 --- [demo] [ main] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/] : Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2024-05-31T08:53:40.949+08:00 INFO 14832 --- [demo] [ main] w.s.c.ServletWebServerApplicationContext : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 921 ms
2024-05-31T08:53:41.257+08:00 INFO 14832 --- [demo] [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat started on port 8888 (http) with context path '/'
2024-05-31T08:53:41.274+08:00 INFO 14832 --- [demo] [ main] com.example.demo.DemoApplication : Started DemoApplication in 1.702 seconds (process running for 2.143)
我們可以在日志 Started DemoApplication in 1.702 seconds 看到啟動耗時為 1.702 秒。
3.2 使用 CDS 運行
需要先 cd 到訓練的 application 目錄。
$ java -XX:SharedArchiveFile=application.jsa -jar demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
. ____ _ __ _ _
/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) )
' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
=========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
:: Spring Boot :: (v3.3.0)
2024-05-31T08:53:15.828+08:00 INFO 21444 --- [demo] [ main] com.example.demo.DemoApplication : Starting DemoApplication v0.0.1-SNAPSHOT using Java 21.0.3 with PID 21444 (D:\test\demo\target\application\demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar started by L.cm in D:\test\demo\target\application)
2024-05-31T08:53:15.830+08:00 INFO 21444 --- [demo] [ main] com.example.demo.DemoApplication : No active profile set, falling back to 1 default profile: "default"
2024-05-31T08:53:16.244+08:00 INFO 21444 --- [demo] [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat initialized with port 8888 (http)
2024-05-31T08:53:16.249+08:00 INFO 21444 --- [demo] [ main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardService : Starting service [Tomcat]
2024-05-31T08:53:16.249+08:00 INFO 21444 --- [demo] [ main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine : Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/10.1.24]
2024-05-31T08:53:16.272+08:00 INFO 21444 --- [demo] [ main] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/] : Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2024-05-31T08:53:16.273+08:00 INFO 21444 --- [demo] [ main] w.s.c.ServletWebServerApplicationContext : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 419 ms
2024-05-31T08:53:16.425+08:00 INFO 21444 --- [demo] [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat started on port 8888 (http) with context path '/'
2024-05-31T08:53:16.431+08:00 INFO 21444 --- [demo] [ main] com.example.demo.DemoApplication : Started DemoApplication in 0.722 seconds (process running for 0.885)
我們可以在日志 Started DemoApplication in 0.722 seconds 看到啟動耗時比直接啟動少了將近 1 秒。效果還是非常明顯的。
四、總結
CDS、CRaC 和 GraalVM,這三種技術都有助于提高Java程序的啟動速度,但它們的應用場景和優化方式有所不同。CDS 通過共享類數據來加速啟動,CRaC 通過運行時優化來提升性能,而 GraalVM 則通過 AOT 編譯來實現快速啟動和高效運行。作為開發者,我們可以根據具體需求選擇合適的技術來優化 Java 程序的啟動時間。