runtime那些事兒(消息機制)
一、關于runtime
之前在項目中有遇到過用runtime解決改變全局字體的問題,所以再一次感受到了runtime黑魔法的強大,趁現在有機會分享一下對runtime的一些理解。在對象調用方法是Objective-C中經常使用的功能,也就是消息的傳遞,而Objective-C是C的超集,所以和C不同的是,Objective-C使用的是動態綁定,也就是runtime。Objective-C的消息傳遞和消息機制也就不多說了,今天主要說的是動態方法,也就是函數的調用。
二、相關的幾個函數
下面一張圖詳細的概括了每個函數調用的先后以及執行的前提
消息傳遞函數的調用
1.對象在收到無法解讀的消息后,首先會調用所屬類的
- + (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel
這個方法在運行時,沒有找到SEL的IML時就會執行。這個函數是給類利用class_addMethod添加函數的機會。根據文檔,如果實現了添加函數代碼則返回YES,未實現返回NO。舉個例子,新建了一個工程,首先我在ViewController這個類中執行doSomething1這個方法,代碼如下
- //
- // ViewController.m
- // RuntimeTest1
- //
- // Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24.
- // Copyright ?(版權符號) 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved.
- //
- #import "ViewController.h"
- @interface ViewController ()
- @end
- @implementation ViewController
- - (void)viewDidLoad {
- [super viewDidLoad];
- [self performSelector:@selector(doSomething)];
- }
- - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
- [super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
- // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
- }
- @end
運行結果
- **2015-12-24 10:35:37.726 RuntimeTest1[1877:337842] -[ViewController doSomething]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7fe9f3736680**
- **2015-12-24 10:35:37.729 RuntimeTest1[1877:337842] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[ViewController doSomething]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7fe9f3736680'**
- ***** First throw call stack:**
不出意外,程序崩潰,因為沒有找到doSomething這個方法,下面我們在里面實現 + (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel這個方法,并且判斷如果SEL 是doSomething那就輸出add method here
- //
- // ViewController.m
- // RuntimeTest1
- //
- // Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24.
- // Copyright ?(版權符號) 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved.
- //
- #import "ViewController.h"
- @interface ViewController ()
- @end
- @implementation ViewController
- - (void)viewDidLoad {
- [super viewDidLoad];
- [self performSelector:@selector(doSomething)];
- }
- + (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel {
- if (sel == @selector(doSomething)) {
- NSLog(@"add method here");
- return YES;
- }
- return [super resolveInstanceMethod:sel];
- }
- - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
- [super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
- // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
- }
- @end
繼續運行,然后看到log
- **2015-12-24 10:47:24.687 RuntimeTest1[2007:382077] add method here**
- **2015-12-24 10:47:24.687 RuntimeTest1[2007:382077] -[ViewController doSomething]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7f9568c331f0**
- **2015-12-24 10:47:24.690 RuntimeTest1[2007:382077] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[ViewController doSomething]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7f9568c331f0'**
- ***** First throw call stack:**
可以看到程序依然是崩潰了,但是我們可以看到輸出了add method here,這說明我們 + (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel這個方法執行了,并進入了判斷,所以,在這兒,我們可以做一下操作,使這個方法得到相應,不至于走到***- (void)doesNotRecognizeSelector:(SEL)aSelector這個方法中而崩掉了,接下來,我么繼續操作,如下
- //
- // ViewController.m
- // RuntimeTest1
- //
- // Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24.
- // Copyright ?(版權符號) 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved.
- //
- #import "ViewController.h"
- #import [objc/runtime.h](因識別問題,此處將尖括號改為方括號)
- @interface ViewController ()
- @end
- @implementation ViewController
- - (void)viewDidLoad {
- [super viewDidLoad];
- [self performSelector:@selector(doSomething)];
- }
- + (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel {
- if (sel == @selector(doSomething)) {
- NSLog(@"add method here");
- class_addMethod([self class], sel, (IMP)dynamicMethodIMP, "v@:");
- return YES;
- }
- return [super resolveInstanceMethod:sel];
- }
- void dynamicMethodIMP (id self, SEL _cmd) {
- NSLog(@"doSomething SEL");
- }
- - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
- [super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
- // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
- }
- @end
導入了并且在+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel中執行了class_addMethod這個方法,然后定義了一個void dynamicMethodIMP (id self, SEL _cmd)這個函數,運行工程,看log
- **2015-12-24 11:45:11.934 RuntimeTest1[2284:478571] add method here**
- **2015-12-24 11:45:11.934 RuntimeTest1[2284:478571] doSomething SEL**
這時候我們發現,程序并沒有崩潰,而且還輸出了doSomething SEL,這時候就說明我們已經通過runtime成功的向我們這個類中添加了一個方法。關于class_addMethod這個方法,是這樣定義的
-
cls 在這個類中添加方法,也就是方法所添加的類
-
name 方法名,這個可以隨便起的
-
imp 實現這個方法的函數
-
types 定義該數返回值類型和參數類型的字符串,這里比如"v@:",其中v就是void,帶表返回類型就是空,@代表參數,這里指的是id(self),這里:指的是方法SEL(_cmd),比如我再定義一個函數
- int newMethod (id self, SEL _cmd, NSString *str) {
- return 100;
- }
那么添加這個函數的方法就應該是ass_addMethod([self class], @selector(newMethod), (IMP)newMethod, "i@:@");
2.如果在+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel中沒有找到或者添加方法
消息繼續往下傳遞到- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector看看是不是有對象可以執行這個方法,我們來重新建個工程,然后新建一個叫SecondViewController的類,里面有一個- (void)secondVCMethod方法,如下
- //
- // SecondViewController.m
- // RuntimeTest2
- //
- // Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24.
- // Copyright ?(版權符號) 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved.
- //
- #import "SecondViewController.h"
- @interface SecondViewController ()
- @end
- @implementation SecondViewController
- - (void)viewDidLoad {
- [super viewDidLoad];
- // Do any additional setup after loading the view.
- }
- - (void)secondVCMethod {
- NSLog(@"This is secondVC method !");
- }
- - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
- [super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
- // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
- }
- /*
- #pragma mark - Navigation
- // In a storyboard-based application, you will often want to do a little preparation before navigation
- - (void)prepareForSegue:(UIStoryboardSegue *)segue sender:(id)sender {
- // Get the new view controller using [segue destinationViewController].
- // Pass the selected object to the new view controller.
- }
- */
- @end
工程結構應該是這樣的
工程目錄圖
現在我想在ViewController中調用- (void)secondVCMethod這個方法,我們知道ViewController和SecondViewController并無繼承關系,按照正常的步驟去做程序肯定會因為在ViewController找不到- (void)secondVCMethod這個方法而直接崩潰的
- //
- // ViewController.m
- // RuntimeTest2
- //
- // Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24.
- // Copyright ?(版權符號) 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved.
- //
- #import "ViewController.h"
- #import @interface ViewController ()
- @end
- @implementation ViewController
- - (void)viewDidLoad {
- [super viewDidLoad];
- [self performSelector:@selector(secondVCMethod)];
- }
- - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
- [super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
- // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
- }
- @end
運行結果
- **2015-12-24 13:54:44.314 RuntimeTest2[3164:835814] -[ViewController secondVCMethod]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7fc3a8535c10**
- **2015-12-24 13:54:44.317 RuntimeTest2[3164:835814] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[ViewController secondVCMethod]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7fc3a8535c10'**
- ***** First throw call stack:**
現在我們來處理一下這個消息,如下
- //
- // ViewController.m
- // RuntimeTest2
- //
- // Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24.
- // Copyright ?(版權符號) 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved.
- //
- #import "ViewController.h"
- #import @interface ViewController ()
- @end
- @implementation ViewController
- - (void)viewDidLoad {
- [super viewDidLoad];
- [self performSelector:@selector(secondVCMethod)];
- }
- - (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {
- Class class = NSClassFromString(@"SecondViewController");
- UIViewController *vc = class.new;
- if (aSelector == NSSelectorFromString(@"secondVCMethod")) {
- NSLog(@"secondVC do this !");
- return vc;
- }
- return nil;
- }
- + (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel {
- return [super resolveInstanceMethod:sel];
- }
- - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
- [super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
- // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
- }
- @end
運行結果
- **2015-12-24 14:00:34.168 RuntimeTest2[3284:870957] secondVC do this !**
- **2015-12-24 14:00:34.169 RuntimeTest2[3284:870957] This is secondVC method !**
我們會發現- (void)secondVCMethod這個方法執行了,程序也并沒有崩潰,原因就是在這一步
- - (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {
- Class class = NSClassFromString(@"SecondViewController");
- UIViewController *vc = class.new;
- if (aSelector == NSSelectorFromString(@"secondVCMethod")) {
- NSLog(@"secondVC do this !");
- return vc;
- }
- return nil;
- }
在沒有找到- (void)secondVCMethod這個方法的時候,消息繼續傳遞,直到- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector,然后我在里面創建了一個SecondViewController的對象,并且判斷如過有這個方法,就返回SecondViewController的對象。這個函數就是消息的轉發,在這兒我們成功的把消息傳給了SecondViewController,然后讓它來執行,所以就執行了那個方法。同時,也相當于完成了一個多繼承!
三、***一點
當然,還有好幾個函數,在上面那張圖里面已經清晰的表達了,有興趣的可以自己試試,看看消息的傳遞順序到底是怎么樣的。上面提到的這些知識runtime的冰山一角,runtime黑魔法的強大遠不止于此,比如方法的調配(Method Swizzling)等,在項目實戰中還是很有用的,后面有時間會再介紹.
參考