數(shù)據(jù)庫SQL小技巧大揭秘：IGNORE選項(xiàng)讓你的數(shù)據(jù)處理更從容

作者：懂點(diǎn)IT的耿小廚 2023-12-07 07:22:52

IGNORE 提供了一種在插入或更新時(shí)處理主鍵、唯一鍵沖突、非空約束字段未賦值、字段超長等異常時(shí)內(nèi)部自動(dòng)處理的方法，使得操作不因?yàn)槟骋恍械臎_突而中斷，而是繼續(xù)處理。

在 MySQL 中，IGNORE 是一種在插入或更新數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)處理沖突的選項(xiàng)。具體來說，在 INSERT | UPDATE 語句中，IGNORE 的作用是在插入或更新數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)忽略特定的錯(cuò)誤，而不導(dǎo)致整個(gè)操作失敗。另外，IGNORE 選項(xiàng)還可以在非空約束、寫入的字段內(nèi)容超過字段長度時(shí)進(jìn)行截?cái)嗵幚淼龋旅媸菐讉€(gè)具體的例子。

一、主鍵或唯一鍵沖突

1、初始化測試表并初始化數(shù)據(jù)

mysql> create table  test1(id int not null primary key,
card_no varchar(10)  not null,
name varchar(20) not null, 
c1 varchar(2) ,
unique key uq_card_no(card_no)
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> insert into test1(id,card_no,name,c1) 
values(1,'1000000000','abc','a')
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+------+------+
| id | card_no    | name | c1   |
+----+------------+------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc  | a    |
+----+------------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

2、主鍵沖突

插入一個(gè)表中已存在的主鍵數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，如果不添加ignore，則會(huì)報(bào)主鍵沖突。

mysql>  insert into test1(id,card_no,name,c1) values(1,'1000000001','abc','a');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'test1.PRIMARY'

加上ignore選項(xiàng)后，結(jié)果如下：

mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+------+------+
| id | card_no    | name | c1   |
+----+------------+------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc  | a    |
+----+------------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>  insert ignore into test1(id,card_no,name,c1) values(1,'1000000001','abc','a'),
    -> (2,'1000000001','ttt','b');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 1  Warnings: 1
mysql> show warnings;
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------+
| Level   | Code | Message                                     |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1062 | Duplicate entry '1' for key 'test1.PRIMARY' |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+------+------+
| id | card_no    | name | c1   |
+----+------------+------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc  | a    |
|  2 | 1000000001 | ttt  | b    |
+----+------------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

可以看到，有1條記錄沖突，但是進(jìn)行了warning提示，然后繼續(xù)進(jìn)行其他無沖突項(xiàng)的處理。

如果需查看warning信息，可以使用 show warnings 命令查看。

3、唯一鍵沖突

繼續(xù)以上的表，先正常方式插入一條唯一鍵已存在的記錄。

mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+------+------+
| id | card_no    | name | c1   |
+----+------------+------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc  | a    |
|  2 | 1000000001 | ttt  | b    |
+----+------------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert  into test1(id,card_no,name,c1) values (4,'1000000000','ccccc','a');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1000000000' for key 'test1.uq_card_no'
mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+------+------+
| id | card_no    | name | c1   |
+----+------------+------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc  | a    |
|  2 | 1000000001 | ttt  | b    |
+----+------------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

可見，因?yàn)閳?bào)錯(cuò)，數(shù)據(jù)未插入。

下面通過添加ignore批量插入數(shù)據(jù)。

mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+------+------+
| id | card_no    | name | c1   |
+----+------------+------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc  | a    |
|  2 | 1000000001 | ttt  | b    |
+----+------------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert ignore into test1(id,card_no,name,c1) values
    -> (4,'1000000000','ccccc','a'),
    -> (5,'1000000003','ccccabc','a');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 1  Warnings: 1
mysql> show warnings;
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Level   | Code | Message                                                 |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1062 | Duplicate entry '1000000000' for key 'test1.uq_card_no' |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  2 | 1000000001 | ttt     | b    |
|  5 | 1000000003 | ccccabc | a    |
+----+------------+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>

可見，和主鍵沖突類似，有沖突的數(shù)據(jù)將會(huì)忽略告警而繼續(xù)進(jìn)行后續(xù)操作。

4、update操作

除了insert可以搭配ignore選項(xiàng)，update也可以添加ignore選項(xiàng)，例如：

更新主鍵：

mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  2 | 1000000001 | ttt     | b    |
|  5 | 1000000003 | ccccabc | a    |
+----+------------+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update test1 set id = id +1;
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '2' for key 'test1.PRIMARY'
mysql> update ignore test1 set id = id +1;
Query OK, 2 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 3  Changed: 2  Warnings: 1
mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  3 | 1000000001 | ttt     | b    |
|  6 | 1000000003 | ccccabc | a    |
+----+------------+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>

更新唯一鍵：

mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  3 | 1000000001 | ttt     | b    |
|  6 | 1000000003 | ccccabc | a    |
+----+------------+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show warnings;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update test1 set card_no=card_no +1;
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1000000001' for key 'test1.uq_card_no'
mysql> update ignore test1 set card_no=card_no +1;
Query OK, 2 rows affected, 1 warning (0.02 sec)
Rows matched: 3  Changed: 2  Warnings: 1
mysql> show warnings;
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Level   | Code | Message                                                 |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1062 | Duplicate entry '1000000001' for key 'test1.uq_card_no' |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  3 | 1000000002 | ttt     | b    |
|  6 | 1000000004 | ccccabc | a    |
+----+------------+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>

二、忽略非空約束

1、列出字段賦值為null時(shí)

當(dāng)列出需賦值的字段，但是對其中的非空字段賦值為null時(shí)，結(jié)果如下：

mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  3 | 1000000002 | ttt     | b    |
|  6 | 1000000004 | ccccabc | a    |
+----+------------+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into test1(id,card_no,name,c1) values
    -> (7,'1000000005',null,'aa');
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'name' cannot be null
mysql> insert ignore  into test1(id,card_no,name,c1) values (7,'1000000005',null,'aa');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  3 | 1000000002 | ttt     | b    |
|  6 | 1000000004 | ccccabc | a    |
|  7 | 1000000005 |         | aa   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

結(jié)果為：會(huì)插入一個(gè)空字符串在表中而不會(huì)像正常SQL那樣因?yàn)榉强占s束而失敗。

有人疑惑，上面是空字符串么，驗(yàn)證結(jié)果如下：

mysql> select * from test1 where name='';
+----+------------+------+------+
| id | card_no    | name | c1   |
+----+------------+------+------+
|  7 | 1000000005 |      | aa   |
+----+------------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 where name is null;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

2、未列出字符串類型字段名

當(dāng)賦值時(shí)未在字段列表中加入有非空約束的字符串類型的字段時(shí)，情況如下：

mysql> insert   into test1(id,name,c1) values (8,'aaa','aa');
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'card_no' doesn't have a default value
mysql> insert  ignore  into test1(id,name,c1) values (8,'aaa','aa');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql> show warnings;
+---------+------+----------------------------------------------+
| Level   | Code | Message                                      |
+---------+------+----------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1364 | Field 'card_no' doesn't have a default value |
+---------+------+----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  3 | 1000000002 | ttt     | b    |
|  6 | 1000000004 | ccccabc | a    |
|  7 | 1000000005 |         | aa   |
|  8 |            | aaa     | aa   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

可見，字段未列出時(shí)，也可以插入成功，也是將其插入一個(gè)空字符串。

3、未列整型字段時(shí)

當(dāng)賦值時(shí)未在字段列表中加入有非空約束的整型類型的字段時(shí)，情況如下：

mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  3 | 1000000002 | ttt     | b    |
|  6 | 1000000004 | ccccabc | a    |
|  7 | 1000000005 |         | aa   |
|  8 |            | aaa     | aa   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert  ignore  into test1(card_no,name,c1) values ('1000000006','bbb','aa');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> show warnings;
+---------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Level   | Code | Message                                 |
+---------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1364 | Field 'id' doesn't have a default value |
+---------+------+-----------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  0 | 1000000006 | bbb     | aa   |
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  3 | 1000000002 | ttt     | b    |
|  6 | 1000000004 | ccccabc | a    |
|  7 | 1000000005 |         | aa   |
|  8 |            | aaa     | aa   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>

結(jié)果：此時(shí)插入了0 （整型的默認(rèn)值）。

三、字段超長

依舊進(jìn)行在上述的測試表上進(jìn)行測試

1、字符串超長

當(dāng)字符串類型超長時(shí)，正常結(jié)果如下：

mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  0 | 1000000006 | bbb     | aa   |
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  3 | 1000000002 | ttt     | b    |
|  6 | 1000000004 | ccccabc | a    |
|  7 | 1000000005 |         | aa   |
|  8 |            | aaa     | aa   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into test1(id,card_no,name,c1) values(9,'1000000001','abc','a12345');
ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'c1' at row 1
mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  0 | 1000000006 | bbb     | aa   |
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  3 | 1000000002 | ttt     | b    |
|  6 | 1000000004 | ccccabc | a    |
|  7 | 1000000005 |         | aa   |
|  8 |            | aaa     | aa   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

結(jié)果：數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)因超長而未插入。

而使用ignore選項(xiàng)后，結(jié)果如下：

mysql> insert ignore into test1(id,card_no,name,c1) values(9,'1000000001','abc','a12345');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql> show warnings;
+---------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Level   | Code | Message                                 |
+---------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1265 | Data truncated for column 'c1' at row 1 |
+---------+------+-----------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  0 | 1000000006 | bbb     | aa   |
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  3 | 1000000002 | ttt     | b    |
|  6 | 1000000004 | ccccabc | a    |
|  7 | 1000000005 |         | aa   |
|  8 |            | aaa     | aa   |
|  9 | 1000000001 | abc     | a1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc test1;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int         | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| card_no | varchar(10) | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| c1      | varchar(2)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>

結(jié)果：數(shù)據(jù)以截?cái)嗟姆绞讲迦氤晒α恕?/span>

2、整型數(shù)據(jù)超長

當(dāng)普通方式插入一個(gè)超過int類型最大值的數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，會(huì)直接因數(shù)據(jù)超過范圍而報(bào)錯(cuò)。例如：

mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  0 | 1000000006 | bbb     | aa   |
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  3 | 1000000002 | ttt     | b    |
|  6 | 1000000004 | ccccabc | a    |
|  7 | 1000000005 |         | aa   |
|  8 |            | aaa     | aa   |
|  9 | 1000000001 | abc     | a1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert  into test1(id,card_no,name,c1) values(999999999999999999999,'1000000003','abc','a2');
ERROR 1264 (22003): Out of range value for column 'id' at row 1
mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  0 | 1000000006 | bbb     | aa   |
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  3 | 1000000002 | ttt     | b    |
|  6 | 1000000004 | ccccabc | a    |
|  7 | 1000000005 |         | aa   |
|  8 |            | aaa     | aa   |
|  9 | 1000000001 | abc     | a1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

而使用ignore選項(xiàng)后，可以插入數(shù)據(jù)，例如：

mysql> select * from test1;
+----+------------+---------+------+
| id | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
|  0 | 1000000006 | bbb     | aa   |
|  1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|  3 | 1000000002 | ttt     | b    |
|  6 | 1000000004 | ccccabc | a    |
|  7 | 1000000005 |         | aa   |
|  8 |            | aaa     | aa   |
|  9 | 1000000001 | abc     | a1   |
+----+------------+---------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert ignore  into test1(id,card_no,name,c1) values(999999999999999999999,'1000000003','abc','a2');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)
mysql> show warnings;
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------+
| Level   | Code | Message                                     |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1264 | Out of range value for column 'id' at row 1 |
| Warning | 1264 | Out of range value for column 'id' at row 1 |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1;
+------------+------------+---------+------+
| id         | card_no    | name    | c1   |
+------------+------------+---------+------+
|          0 | 1000000006 | bbb     | aa   |
|          1 | 1000000000 | abc     | a    |
|          3 | 1000000002 | ttt     | b    |
|          6 | 1000000004 | ccccabc | a    |
|          7 | 1000000005 |         | aa   |
|          8 |            | aaa     | aa   |
|          9 | 1000000001 | abc     | a1   |
| 2147483647 | 1000000003 | abc     | a2   |
+------------+------------+---------+------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>

結(jié)果： 會(huì)以截?cái)嗟姆绞讲迦耄╥nt的最大值）

四、結(jié)語

總的來說，IGNORE 提供了一種在插入或更新時(shí)處理主鍵、唯一鍵沖突、非空約束字段未賦值、字段超長等異常時(shí)內(nèi)部自動(dòng)處理的方法，使得操作不因?yàn)槟骋恍械臎_突而中斷，而是繼續(xù)處理。但也因?yàn)槠涮攸c(diǎn)，會(huì)導(dǎo)致結(jié)果與預(yù)期不符的情況。在實(shí)際操作中還是建議使用正常的方式進(jìn)行處理，以免出現(xiàn)不必要的故障。

責(zé)任編輯：姜華來源：數(shù)據(jù)庫干貨鋪