別只會聊天室！用 Spring Boot 3 玩出酷炫實時彈幕特效

作者：路條編程 2025-06-09 02:00:00

通過本項目，我們以 Spring Boot 3 為核心技術棧，構建了支持 WebSocket 實時通信的彈幕系統。該系統架構清晰、可擴展性強，適用于視頻平臺、直播系統、虛擬課堂等多種場景。

在當今的視頻平臺和直播場景中，彈幕技術成為提升用戶參與度與互動體驗的關鍵工具。彈幕通過實時渲染觀眾評論在視頻播放界面中橫向滾動顯示，不僅增強了沉浸感，也營造了社區式觀影氛圍。本文將基于 Spring Boot 3 構建一個具備實時通信、內容過濾與歷史記錄能力的彈幕系統。

系統功能概覽

功能定義

彈幕系統允許用戶將文字信息實時發送至正在播放的視頻畫面中。內容通常在視頻上層以從右至左方式動態滾動，呈現同步評論的視覺效果。

主要特征

低延遲推送用戶評論可在毫秒級別廣播至所有連接終端；
強交互性評論即時可見，營造出“陪伴觀影”的社交感；
內容時間綁定彈幕多與視頻時間點匹配，有助于信息歸檔與回放分析；
視覺層沖擊批量彈幕可呈現獨特動態視覺表現。

技術架構設計

系統構成

系統由以下核心模塊組成：

前端播放器負責視頻呈現與彈幕展示；
WebSocket 推送引擎實現低延遲的實時消息廣播；
持久化存儲模塊記錄用戶彈幕數據，支持回放及分析；
內容審查組件確保發送信息符合平臺規范。

協議選型分析

在實時推送技術方案中，以下協議可供選擇：

協議	優點	局限性	推薦場景
WebSocket	全雙工、低延遲、兼容廣	需維持長連接，資源占用較高	高實時性場景，如彈幕直播
SSE	實現簡單，適合單向推送	僅支持服務器向客戶端	新聞推送、股票刷新
Long Polling	通用性強	實時性差，耗資源	極端兼容場景或降級備選方案

本項目采用 WebSocket 作為通信協議以實現毫秒級互動體驗。

后端實現詳解（Spring Boot 3）

引入依賴（pom.xml）

<groupId>com.icoderoad</groupId>
<artifactId>danmaku-system</artifactId>
<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-websocket</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.baomidou</groupId>
        <artifactId>mybatis-plus-spring-boot3-starter</artifactId>
        <version>3.5.5</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
        <artifactId>h2</artifactId>
        <scope>runtime</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
        <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

WebSocket 配置

路徑： /src/main/java/com/icoderoad/danmaku/config/WebSocketConfig.java

@Configuration
@EnableWebSocketMessageBroker
public class WebSocketConfig implements WebSocketMessageBrokerConfigurer {
    @Override
    public void configureMessageBroker(MessageBrokerRegistry registry) {
        registry.enableSimpleBroker("/topic");
        registry.setApplicationDestinationPrefixes("/app");
    }


    @Override
    public void registerStompEndpoints(StompEndpointRegistry registry) {
        registry.addEndpoint("/ws-danmaku").setAllowedOriginPatterns("*").withSockJS();
    }
}

彈幕實體模型

路徑： /src/main/java/com/icoderoad/danmaku/model/Danmaku.java

@Data
@TableName("danmaku")
public class Danmaku {
    @TableId(type = IdType.AUTO)
    private Long id;
    private String content;
    private String color;
    private Integer fontSize;
    private Double time;
    private String videoId;
    private String userId;
    private String username;
    private LocalDateTime createdAt;
}

數據傳輸結構（DTO）

路徑： /src/main/java/com/icoderoad/danmaku/dto/DanmakuDTO.java

@Data
public class DanmakuDTO {
    private String content;
    private String color = "#ffffff";
    private Integer fontSize = 24;
    private Double time;
    private String videoId;
    private String userId;
    private String username;
}

Mapper 接口

路徑： /src/main/java/com/icoderoad/danmaku/mapper/DanmakuMapper.java

@Mapper
public interface DanmakuMapper extends BaseMapper<Danmaku> {
    @Select("SELECT * FROM danmaku WHERE video_id = #{videoId} ORDER BY time ASC")
    List<Danmaku> findByVideoIdOrderByTimeAsc(@Param("videoId") String videoId);


    @Select("SELECT * FROM danmaku WHERE video_id = #{videoId} AND time BETWEEN #{startTime} AND #{endTime} ORDER BY time ASC")
    List<Danmaku> findByVideoIdAndTimeBetween(@Param("videoId") String videoId, @Param("startTime") Double start, @Param("endTime") Double end);
}

服務邏輯

路徑： /src/main/java/com/icoderoad/danmaku/service/DanmakuService.java

@Service
public class DanmakuService {
    @Autowired private DanmakuMapper danmakuMapper;
    @Autowired private SimpMessagingTemplate messagingTemplate;


    public Danmaku saveDanmaku(DanmakuDTO dto) {
        String clean = filterContent(dto.getContent());


        Danmaku danmaku = new Danmaku();
        danmaku.setContent(clean);
        danmaku.setColor(dto.getColor());
        danmaku.setFontSize(dto.getFontSize());
        danmaku.setTime(dto.getTime());
        danmaku.setVideoId(dto.getVideoId());
        danmaku.setUserId(dto.getUserId());
        danmaku.setUsername(dto.getUsername());
        danmaku.setCreatedAt(LocalDateTime.now());


        danmakuMapper.insert(danmaku);
        messagingTemplate.convertAndSend("/topic/video/" + dto.getVideoId(), danmaku);
        return danmaku;
    }


    public List<Danmaku> getDanmakusByVideoId(String videoId) {
        return danmakuMapper.findByVideoIdOrderByTimeAsc(videoId);
    }


    public List<Danmaku> getDanmakusByTimeRange(String videoId, Double start, Double end) {
        return danmakuMapper.findByVideoIdAndTimeBetween(videoId, start, end);
    }


    private String filterContent(String content) {
        String[] blocklist = {"敏感詞1", "敏感詞2"};
        for (String word : blocklist) {
            content = content.replaceAll(word, "***");
        }
        return content;
    }
}

控制器接口

路徑： /src/main/java/com/icoderoad/danmaku/controller/DanmakuController.java

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/danmaku")
public class DanmakuController {
    @Autowired private DanmakuService service;


    @MessageMapping("/danmaku/send")
    public Danmaku push(DanmakuDTO dto) {
        return service.saveDanmaku(dto);
    }


    @GetMapping("/video/{videoId}")
    public ResponseEntity<List<Danmaku>> list(@PathVariable String videoId) {
        return ResponseEntity.ok(service.getDanmakusByVideoId(videoId));
    }


    @GetMapping("/video/{videoId}/timerange")
    public ResponseEntity<List<Danmaku>> range(@PathVariable String videoId,
                                               @RequestParam Double start,
                                               @RequestParam Double end) {
        return ResponseEntity.ok(service.getDanmakusByTimeRange(videoId, start, end));
    }
}

Thymeleaf + Bootstrap 優化版前端頁面示例

將頁面放置于 /src/main/resources/templates/danmaku.html，供 Thymeleaf 渲染

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>實時彈幕播放器</title>
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">


    <!-- Bootstrap 5 樣式 -->
    <link  rel="stylesheet">


    <style>
        #video-container {
            position: relative;
            width: 100%;
            max-width: 900px;
            margin: auto;
        }


        video {
            width: 100%;
            height: auto;
        }


        #danmaku-layer {
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            width: 100%;
            height: 100%;
            pointer-events: none;
        }


        .danmaku {
            position: absolute;
            white-space: nowrap;
            font-weight: bold;
            animation: danmaku-move 8s linear forwards;
        }


        @keyframes danmaku-move {
            0% {
                transform: translateX(100%);
            }
            100% {
                transform: translateX(-100%);
            }
        }
    </style>
</head>


<body>
<div class="container py-4">
    <h2 class="text-center mb-4">?? 實時彈幕播放器</h2>


    <div id="video-container" class="mb-3">
        <video id="video" controls th:src="@{/videos/sample.mp4}"></video>
        <div id="danmaku-layer"></div>
    </div>


    <!-- 彈幕輸入區 -->
    <form id="danmaku-form" class="row g-2 align-items-center justify-content-center">
        <div class="col-md-4">
            <input type="text" class="form-control" id="danmaku-content" placeholder="輸入你的彈幕..." required>
        </div>
        <div class="col-md-2">
            <input type="color" class="form-control form-control-color" id="danmaku-color" value="#ffffff" title="選擇顏色">
        </div>
        <div class="col-md-2">
            <input type="number" class="form-control" id="danmaku-size" value="24" min="12" max="48" title="字體大小">
        </div>
        <div class="col-md-2">
            <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary w-100">發送彈幕</button>
        </div>
    </form>
</div>


<!-- SockJS + STOMP -->
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/sockjs-client@1.6.1/dist/sockjs.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/stompjs@2.3.3/lib/stomp.min.js"></script>


<script>
    const video = document.getElementById("video");
    const danmakuLayer = document.getElementById("danmaku-layer");


    const stompClient = Stomp.over(new SockJS("/ws-danmaku"));
    stompClient.connect({}, function () {
        stompClient.subscribe("/topic/video/demo", function (message) {
            const danmaku = JSON.parse(message.body);
            renderDanmaku(danmaku);
        });
    });


    document.getElementById("danmaku-form").addEventListener("submit", function (e) {
        e.preventDefault();
        const content = document.getElementById("danmaku-content").value.trim();
        const color = document.getElementById("danmaku-color").value;
        const fontSize = parseInt(document.getElementById("danmaku-size").value) || 24;


        if (!content) return;


        const danmaku = {
            content: content,
            color: color,
            fontSize: fontSize,
            time: video.currentTime,
            videoId: "demo",
            userId: "user123",
            username: "訪客"
        };


        stompClient.send("/app/danmaku/send", {}, JSON.stringify(danmaku));
        document.getElementById("danmaku-form").reset();
    });


    function renderDanmaku(d) {
        const span = document.createElement("span");
        span.className = "danmaku";
        span.textContent = d.content;
        span.style.color = d.color || "#fff";
        span.style.fontSize = (d.fontSize || 24) + "px";
        span.style.top = Math.random() * 80 + "%";
        danmakuLayer.appendChild(span);


        // 清理彈幕
        setTimeout(() => danmakuLayer.removeChild(span), 8000);
    }
</script>


</body>
</html>

結合 STOMP 協議與 SockJS 客戶端即可建立彈幕推送通道。

結語

通過本項目，我們以 Spring Boot 3 為核心技術棧，構建了支持 WebSocket 實時通信的彈幕系統。該系統架構清晰、可擴展性強，適用于視頻平臺、直播系統、虛擬課堂等多種場景。未來可進一步擴展彈幕審核、用戶等級體系、彈幕樣式個性化等高級功能，以構建更加豐富的互動體驗。

責任編輯：武曉燕來源：路條編程

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